
% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
%
% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
% of the GNU Public License, version 2.


\section{Themes}


\subsection{Five Flavors of Themes}

\emph{Themes} make it easy to change the appearance of a
presentation. The \beamer\ class uses five different kinds of themes:
\begin{description}
\item[Presentation Themes]
  Conceptually, a presentation theme dictates for every single detail
  of a presentation what it looks like. Thus, choosing a particular
  presentation theme will setup for, say, the numbers in enumeration
  what color they have, what color their background has, what font is
  used to render them, whether a circle or ball or rectangle or
  whatever is drawn behind them, and so forth. Thus, when you choose
  a presentation theme, your presentation will look the way someone
  (the creator of the theme) thought that a presentation should look
  like. Presentation themes typically only choose a particular color
  theme, font theme, inner theme, and outer theme that go well
  together. 
\item[Color Themes]
  A color theme only dictates which colors are used in a
  presentation. If you have chosen a particular presentation theme
  and then choose a color theme, only the colors of your presentation
  will change. A color theme can specify colors in a very detailed
  way: For example, a color theme can specifically change the colors
  used to render, say, the border of a button, the background of a
  button, and the text on a button.
\item[Font Themes]
  A font theme dictates which fonts or font attributes are used in a
  presentation. As for colors, the font of all text elements used in a
  presentation can be specified independently.
\item[Inner Themes]
  An inner theme specifies how certain elements of a
  presentation are typeset. This includes all elements that are at the
  ``inside'' of the frame, that is, that are not part of the headline,
  footline, or sidebars. This includes all enumerations, itemize
  environments, block environments, theorem environments, or the table of
  contents. For example, an inner theme might
  specify that in an enumeration the number should be typeset without
  a dot and that a small circle should be shown behind it. The inner
  theme would \emph{not} specify what color should be used for the
  number or the circle (this is the job of the color theme) nor which font
  should be used (this is the job of the font theme).
\item[Outer Themes]
  An outer theme specifies what the ``outside'' or ``border'' of the
  presentation slides should look like. It specifies whether there are
  head- and footlines, what is shown in them, whether there is a
  sidebar, where the logo goes, where the navigation symbols and bars
  go, and so on. It also specifies where the frametitle is put and how
  it is typeset. 
\end{description}

The different themes reside in the four subdirectories |theme|, |color|,
|font|, |inner|, and |outer| of the directory
|beamer/themes|. Internally, a theme is stored as a normal style
file. However, to use a theme, the following special commands should
be used:

\begin{command}{\usetheme\oarg{options}\marg{name list}}
  Installs the presentation theme named \meta{name}. Currently, the
  effect of this command is the same as saying |\usepackage| for the 
  style file named |beamertheme|\meta{name}|.sty| for each \meta{name}
  in the \meta{name list}.  
\end{command}


\begin{command}{\usecolortheme\oarg{options}\marg{name list}}
  Same as |\usetheme|, only for color themes. Color style files
  are named |beamercolortheme|\meta{name}|.sty|.
\end{command}

\begin{command}{\usefonttheme\oarg{options}\marg{name}}
  Same as |\usetheme|, only for font themes. Font style files
  are named |beamerfonttheme|\meta{name}|.sty|.
\end{command}

\begin{command}{\useinnertheme\oarg{options}\marg{name}}
  Same as |\usetheme|, only for inner themes. Inner style files
  are named |beamerinnertheme|\meta{name}|.sty|.
\end{command}

\begin{command}{\useoutertheme\oarg{options}\marg{name}}
  Same as |\usetheme|, only for outer themes. Outer style files
  are named |beameroutertheme|\meta{name}|.sty|.
\end{command}

If you do not use any of these commands, a sober \emph{default} theme
is used for all of them. In the following, the presentation themes
that come with the \beamer\ class are described. The element, layout,
color, and font themes  are presented in the following sections.



\subsection{Presentation Themes without Navigation Bars}

A presentation theme dictates for every single detail
of a presentation what it looks like. Normally, having chosen a
particular presentation theme, you do not need to specify anything
else having to do with the appearance of your presentation---the
creator of the theme should have taken of that for you. However, you
still \emph{can} change things afterward either by using a different
color, font, element, or even layout theme; or by changing specific
colors, fonts, or templates directly.

When I started naming the presentation themes, I soon ran out of ideas
on how to call them. Instead of giving them more and more cumbersome
names, I decided to switch to a different naming convention:
Except for two special cases, all presentation themes are named after
cities. These cities happen to be cities in which or near which there
was a conference or workshop that I attended or that a
co-author of mine attended. 


\begin{themeexample}{default}
  As the name suggests, this theme is installed by default. It is a
  sober no-nonsense theme that makes minimal use of color or font
  variations. This theme is useful for all kinds of talks, except for
  very long talks.
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}[{\opt{|[headheight=|\meta{head height}|,footheight=|\meta{foot height}|]|}}]{boxes}
  For this theme, you can specify an arbitrary number of templates for
  the boxes in the headline and in the footline. You can add a
  template for another box by using the following commands.

  \begin{command}{\addheadbox\marg{beamer color}\marg{box template}}
    Each time this command is invoked, a new box is added to the head
    line, with the first added box being shown on the left. All boxes
    will have the same size.

    The \meta{beamer color} will be used to setup the foreground and
    background colors of the box.
    \example
\begin{verbatim}
\addheadbox{section in head/foot}{\tiny\quad 1. Box}
\addheadbox{structure}{\tiny\quad 2. Box}
\end{verbatim}

    A similar effect as the above commands can be achieved by directly
    installing a head template that contains two |beamercolorbox|es:
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamertemplate{headline}
{\leavevmode
\begin{beamercolorbox}[width=.5\paperwidth]{section in head/foot}
  \tiny\quad 1. Box
\end{beamercolorbox}%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[width=.5\paperwidth]{structure}
  \tiny\quad 2. Box
\end{beamercolorbox}
}
\end{verbatim}
    While being more complicated, the above commands offer more
    flexibility.     
  \end{command}

  \begin{command}{\addfootbox\marg{beamer color}\marg{box template}}
    \example
\begin{verbatim}
\addfootbox{section in head/foot}{\tiny\quad 1. Box}
\addfootbox{structure}{\tiny\quad 2. Box}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{command}
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Bergen}
  A theme based on the |inmargin| inner theme and the |rectangles|
  inner theme. Using this theme is not quite trivial since getting the
  spacing right can be trickier than with most other themes. Also, this
  theme goes badly with columns. You may wish to consult the remarks
  on the |inmargin| inner theme.
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Boadilla}
  A theme giving much information on little space. This theme was
  graciously donated by Manuel Carro.
  The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \declare{|secheader|} causes a headline to be inserted showing
    the current section and subsection. By default, this
    headline is not shown.
  \end{itemize}
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Madrid}
  Like the |Boadilla| theme, except that stronger colors are used and
  that the itemize icons are not modified. The same \meta{options} as
  for the |Boadilla| theme may be given.
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Pittsburgh}
  A sober theme. The right-flushed frame titles creates an interesting 
  ``tension'' inside each frame. 
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Rochester}
  A dominant theme without any navigational elements. It can be made less
  dominant by using a different color theme.

  The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \declare{|height=|\meta{dimension}} sets the height of the
    frame title bar.
  \end{itemize}
\end{themeexample}




\subsection{Presentation Themes with a Tree-Like Navigation Bar}

\begin{themeexample}{Antibes}
  A dominant theme with a tree-like navigation at the top. The 
  rectangular elements mirror the rectangular navigation at the
  top. The theme can be made less dominant by using a different color
  theme. 
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{JuanLesPins}
  A variation on the |Antibes| theme that has a much ``smoother''
  appearance. It can be made less dominant by choosing a different
  color theme.
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}{Montpellier}
  A sober theme giving basic navigational hints. The headline can be
  made more dominant by using a different color theme.
\end{themeexample}



\subsection{Presentation Themes with a Table of Contents Sidebar}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Berkeley}
  A dominant theme. If the navigation bar is on the left, it dominates
  since it is seen first. The height of the frame title is fixed to
  two and a half lines, thus you should be careful with overly long
  titles. A logo will be put in the corner area. Rectangular areas
  dominate the layout. The theme can be made less dominant by using a
  different color theme.

  By default, the current entry of the table of contents in the
  sidebar will be hilighted by using a more vibrant color. A good
  alternative is to hilight the current entry by using a different
  color for the background of the current point. The color theme
  |sidebartab| installs the appropriate colors, so you just have to
  say
\begin{verbatim}
\usecolorhteme{sidebartab}
\end{verbatim}
  This color theme works with all themes that show a table of contents
  in the sidebar.

  This theme is useful for long talks like lectures that require a
  table of contents to be visible all the time.

  The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \declare{|hideallsubsections|} causes only sections to be
    shown in the sidebar. This is useful, if you need to save
    space.
  \item \declare{|hideothersubsections|} causes only the subsections
    of the current section to be shown. This is useful, if you need to
    save  space.      
  \item \declare{|left|} puts the sidebar on the left (default).
  \item \declare{|right|} puts the sidebar on the right.
  \item \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} sets the width of the
    sidebar. If set to zero, no sidebar is created.
  \end{itemize}
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{PaloAlto}
  A variation in the |Berkeley| theme with less dominance of
  rectangular areas. The same \meta{options} as for the |Berkeley|
  theme can be given. 
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Goettingen}
  A relatively sober theme useful for a longer talk that demands a
  sidebar with a full table of contents.  The same \meta{options} as
  for the |Berkeley| theme can be given. 
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Marburg}
  A very dominant variation of the |Goettingen| theme. The same
  \meta{options} may be given.
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Hannover}
  In this theme, the sidebar on the left is balanced by
  right-flushed frame titles.
    
  The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \declare{|hideallsubsections|} causes only sections to be
    shown in the sidebar. This is useful, if you need to save
    space.
  \item \declare{|hideothersubsections|} causes only the subsections
    of the current section to be shown. This is useful, if you need to
    save  space.      
  \item \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} sets the width of the
    sidebar.
  \end{itemize}
\end{themeexample}




\subsection{Presentation Themes with a Mini Frame Navigation}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Berlin}
  A dominant theme with strong colors and dominating rectangular
  areas. The head- and footlines give lot's of information and leave
  little space for the actual slide contents. This theme is useful for
  conferences where the audience is not likely to know the title of
  the talk or who is presenting it.  The theme can be made less
  dominant by using a different color theme.
  
  The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \declare{|compress|} causes the mini frames in the headline to
    use only a single line. This is useful for saving space.
  \end{itemize}
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}[\oarg{options}]{Ilmenau}
  A variation on the |Berlin| theme. The same \meta{options} may be
  given.  
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Dresden}
  A variation on the |Berlin| theme with a strong separation into
  navigational stuff at the top/bottom and a sober main text. The same
  \meta{options} may be given.  
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}{Darmstadt}
  A theme with a strong separation into a navigational upper part and
  an informational main part. By using a different color theme, this
  separation can be lessened. 
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Frankfurt}
  A variation on the |Darmstadt| theme that is slightly less cluttered
  by leaving out the subsection information.
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Singapore}
  A not-too-sober theme with navigation that does not dominate.
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Szeged}
  A sober theme with a strong dominance of horizontal lines. 
\end{themeexample}




\subsection{Presentation Themes with Section and Subsection Tables}

\begin{themeexample}{Copenhagen}
  A not-quite-too-dominant theme. This theme gives compressed
  information about the current section and subsection at the top and
  about the title and the author at the bottom. No shadows are used,
  giving the presentation a ``flat'' look. The theme can be made less
  dominant by using a different color theme.
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}{Luebeck}
  A variation on the |Copenhagen| theme.
\end{themeexample}

\begin{themeexample}{Malmoe}
  A more sober variation of the |Copenhagen| theme.
\end{themeexample}


\begin{themeexample}{Warsaw}
  A dominant variation of the |Copenhagen| theme.
\end{themeexample}


\subsection{Presentation Themes Included For Compatibility}

Earlier versions of \beamer\ included some further themes. These
themes are still available for compatibility, though they are now
implemented differently (they also mainly install appropriate color,
font, inner, and outer themes). However, they may or may not honour
color themes and they will not be supported in the future. The
following list shows which of the new themes should be used instead of
the old themes. (When switching, you may want to use the font theme
|structurebold| with the option |onlysmall|.)

\medskip
\begin{tabular}{lp{13cm}}
  Old theme & Replacement options \\\hline
  none & Use |compatibility|. \\
  |bars| & Try |Dresden| instead. \\
  |classic| & Try |Singapore| instead. \\
  |lined| & Try |Szeged| instead. \\
  |plain| & Try none or |Pittsburgh| instead. \\
  |sidebar| & Try |Goettingen| for the light version and |Marburg| for
  the dark version. \\
  |shadow| & Try |Warsaw| instead. \\
  |split| & Try |Malmoe| instead. \\
  |tree| & Try |Montpellier| and, for the bars version, |Antibes| or
  |JuansLesPins|. 
\end{tabular}


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